Unlike hematopoietic stem cells originating from bone marrow, MSCs can be isolated from a variety of other sources including placenta, umbilical cord, adipose tissue, teeth and menstrual fluid (Hass et al., 2011). Although they differentiate to bone, cartilage and other connective tissues at the single cell level in vitro (Pittenger et al., 1999), debate persists regarding their true multipotential capacity in vivo. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, originally described in the 1960s as bone forming cells in the bone marrow (Friedenstein et al., 1996), are more accurately called Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, though they are often named Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) since they display adult stem cell multipotency. Key words: Mesenchymal stem cells, autoimmune diseases, cellular therapy Future advances from stem cell science can be expected to pinpoint significant MSC subpopulations and/or stem cell markers for improved regenerative or immunoregulatory properties. While the clinical outcome in case reports and phase I-II trials seems occasionally striking, these limited results point to the need to perform controlled multicenter trials. Current data suggests that MSCs may not only replace diseased tissues, but also exert several trophic, regenerative and antiinflammatory effects. After widespread in-vitro and in-vivo preclinical testing, autologous and allogeneic MSCs have been applied in a range of immune mediated conditions, including graft versus host disease, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, refractory systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are now known to display not only stem cell multipotency, but also robust antiinflammatory and regenerative properties. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes. Santiago, Chile.ģ Programa de Terapia Celular. Santiago, Chile.Ģ Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes. Figueroa 1,3, *, Flavio Carrión 1, Sandra Villanueva 2, Maroun Khoury 3.ġ Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes. Mesenchymal Stem Cell treatment for autoimmune diseases: a critical reviewįernando E.
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